Tag: Paul

Living faithfully in a fallen world

Rev. Cecil Thorn

In 1 Corinthians 1–7, the Apostle Paul addresses several critical issues affecting the early church in Corinth, including divisions, immorality, and spiritual immaturity. Paul begins by emphasizing the importance of unity in Christ, warning against factions within the church and urging believers to focus on the gospel rather than human leaders. In chapters 1 and 2, Paul highlights the foolishness of worldly wisdom in contrast to the power of the cross, which represents God’s ultimate wisdom and salvation. He calls the Corinthians to live holy lives, with a focus on sanctification and loving one another, while also addressing the moral challenges they face, particularly in sexual purity. Chapter 3 further rebukes their spiritual immaturity, urging them to build their lives on the foundation of Christ. The theme of humility in leadership is emphasized in chapter 4, where Paul encourages leaders to model Christ’s sacrificial example.

In 1 Thessalonians 4–5, Paul provides practical exhortations to the believers, focusing on how to live in a way that pleases God while remaining vigilant in anticipation of Christ’s return. In chapter 4, Paul encourages the Thessalonians to live holy lives, particularly in matters of sexual purity, and emphasizes the importance of brotherly love. He offers comfort regarding the resurrection of the dead, assuring the believers that those who have died in Christ will be resurrected when Jesus returns. In chapters 5 and 6, Paul addresses moral issues, including sexual immorality and disputes among believers, urging them to live in purity and integrity. Finally, in chapter 7, Paul gives practical advice on marriage, singleness, and faithfulness, calling believers to honor God in every aspect of their lives. The overarching message is one of unity, spiritual growth, and living out the gospel in everyday conduct.

Both 1 Corinthians 1–7 and 1 Thessalonians 4–5 stress the importance of holiness and unity in the Christian community, while offering encouragement in the face of difficulties. Paul’s teachings in these letters are foundational for understanding how to live faithfully in a fallen world, balancing personal conduct with a corporate commitment to Christ. The call to holiness, humility, and watchfulness is central to both epistles, urging believers to remain focused on their relationship with God while awaiting the return of Christ. These letters offer timeless guidance on how to navigate the challenges of the Christian life with hope, humility, and a commitment to living out the truth of the gospel.

Introduction to 1 Corinthians 1–7: Exploring Unity, Wisdom, and Holiness

The first seven chapters of 1 Corinthians address a variety of issues facing the early church, including divisions, immorality, and disputes, while also providing profound insights into the nature of Christian unity, wisdom, and personal holiness. In his letter, the Apostle Paul seeks to guide the Corinthian believers toward a deeper understanding of how to live faithfully in a divided world. These chapters contain both doctrinal teaching and practical exhortations that remain highly relevant for believers today.

This exploration will cover key themes and verses, unpacking Paul’s teachings about unity in Christ, the wisdom of the cross, spiritual maturity, and godly living. Through this study, we will also delve into important issues such as church discipline, the sanctity of marriage, and the call to live lives worthy of the gospel. Additionally, we will examine insights from respected commentators to deepen our understanding of these passages and their application to our lives.

The insights shared here aim to equip believers to live out their faith in a way that reflects both the transformative power of the gospel and the wisdom that comes from God alone. Let’s begin our study of 1 Corinthians 1–7, a rich and timeless message for the church.

1 Corinthians 1: Unity in Christ and Wisdom of the Cross

Key Points:

  1. Greeting and Thanksgiving(1 Corinthians 1:1–9):
    “I give thanks to my God always for you because of the grace of God that was given you in Christ Jesus.” (1 Corinthians 1:4, ESV)
    • Paul acknowledges God’s work in the Corinthian church, reminding them of their calling and spiritual gifts.
    Commentary:
    • Matthew Henry: Paul begins with gratitude to reinforce the Corinthians’ identity in Christ despite their issues.
    • NICNT: This opening frames unity in the church as rooted in God’s grace, not human merit.
  2. Divisions in the Church(1 Corinthians 1:10–17):
    “I appeal to you, brothers, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you agree, and that there be no divisions among you.” (1 Corinthians 1:10, ESV)
    • Paul warns against factions forming around human leaders like Apollos and himself, urging unity in Christ.
    Commentary:
    • Guzik: Divisions detract from the centrality of Christ’s work on the cross.
    • MacArthur: Unity in the gospel is essential for the church’s witness.
  3. Wisdom and the Cross(1 Corinthians 1:18–31):
    “For the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God.” (1 Corinthians 1:18, ESV)
    • God’s wisdom, revealed in the cross, contrasts with human wisdom.
    Commentary:
    • EBC: The cross undermines human pride, revealing divine wisdom and power.
    • Matthew Henry: God’s way of salvation exalts Christ and humbles man.

1 Corinthians 2: Spiritual Wisdom

Key Points:

  1. Paul’s Preaching(1 Corinthians 2:1–5):
    “I decided to know nothing among you except Jesus Christ and him crucified.” (1 Corinthians 2:2, ESV)
    • Paul emphasizes reliance on the Holy Spirit over eloquent rhetoric.
    Commentary:
    • NICNT: Paul’s method prioritized the Spirit’s power to reveal truth over persuasive human wisdom.
    • MacArthur: The gospel’s power lies in its content, not in the skill of its presentation.
  2. Wisdom from the Spirit(1 Corinthians 2:6–16):
    “Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God.” (1 Corinthians 2:12, ESV)
    • Spiritual wisdom is accessible only through the Spirit of God.
    Commentary:
    • Guzik: True wisdom comes by revelation, not human reasoning.
    • Matthew Henry: The Spirit enables believers to discern and embrace God’s mysteries.

1 Corinthians 3: Divisions and Building God’s Church

Key Points:

  1. Spiritual Immaturity(1 Corinthians 3:1–4):
    “For while there is jealousy and strife among you, are you not of the flesh?” (1 Corinthians 3:3, ESV)
    • Paul rebukes the Corinthians’ worldly attitudes and divisions.
    Commentary:
    • EBC: Jealousy and factionalism are signs of spiritual immaturity.
    • MacArthur: Maturity in Christ demands unity and selflessness.
  2. God’s Workers and Temple(1 Corinthians 3:5–17):
    “Do you not know that you are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit dwells in you?” (1 Corinthians 3:16, ESV)
    • Believers are God’s temple, and church leaders are co-workers in building it.
    Commentary:
    • Matthew Henry: God’s temple requires purity and reverence.
    • NICNT: Leaders should work humbly, knowing their accountability to God.
  3. Avoid Human Pride(1 Corinthians 3:18–23):
    “Let no one boast in men. For all things are yours.” (1 Corinthians 3:21, ESV)
    • Paul exhorts the Corinthians to see all things as God’s gift.
    Commentary:
    • Guzik: Pride in human leaders undermines God’s ownership of the church.
    • MacArthur: Believers should glory only in Christ.

1 Corinthians 4: Apostolic Example

Key Points:

  1. Servants of Christ(1 Corinthians 4:1–5):
    “Moreover, it is required of stewards that they be found faithful.” (1 Corinthians 4:2, ESV)
    • Apostles are stewards accountable to God for their ministry.
    Commentary:
    • Matthew Henry: Faithfulness is the foremost qualification for God’s servants.
    • EBC: Apostles’ primary accountability is to God, not human judgment.
  2. Humility in Leadership(1 Corinthians 4:6–13):
    “We have become, and are still, like the scum of the world.” (1 Corinthians 4:13, ESV)
    • Paul contrasts his sacrificial leadership with the Corinthians’ arrogance.
    Commentary:
    • MacArthur: True apostleship reflects humility and Christlike suffering.
    • NICNT: Paul uses his hardships to challenge the Corinthians’ self-centeredness.

1 Corinthians 5: Church Discipline

Key Points:

  1. Immorality in the Church(1 Corinthians 5:1–8):
    “You are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh.” (1 Corinthians 5:5, ESV)
    • Paul demands discipline for a case of gross sexual immorality.
    Commentary:
    • PNTC: Discipline aims to restore the sinner and protect the church’s holiness.
    • Matthew Henry: Tolerating sin endangers the spiritual health of the community.
  2. Purging Sin(1 Corinthians 5:9–13):
    “Purge the evil person from among you.” (1 Corinthians 5:13, ESV)
    • The church must separate itself from unrepentant sin.
    Commentary:
    • MacArthur: Purity in the church requires courageous confrontation of sin.
    • Guzik: The church reflects Christ’s holiness through discipline.

1 Corinthians 6: Lawsuits and Sexual Purity

Key Points:

  1. Lawsuits Among Believers(1 Corinthians 6:1–11):
    “The unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God.” (1 Corinthians 6:9, ESV)
    • Paul criticizes believers for airing disputes before unbelieving judges.
    Commentary:
    • NICNT: Resolving disputes internally protects the church’s witness.
    • MacArthur: Believers should model reconciliation, not division.
  2. Honor God with Your Body(1 Corinthians 6:12–20):
    “You are not your own, for you were bought with a price.” (1 Corinthians 6:19–20, ESV)
    • Sexual sin dishonors God’s temple, which is the believer’s body.
    Commentary:
    • EBC: The body belongs to God and must reflect His holiness.
    • Guzik: Paul affirms the believer’s sacred identity as God’s possession.

1 Corinthians 7: Marriage and Singleness

Key Points:

  1. Marriage Principles(1 Corinthians 7:1–16):
    “Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time.” (1 Corinthians 7:5, ESV)
    • Marriage should reflect mutual care and unity.
    Commentary:
    • MacArthur: Paul balances practical advice with a high view of marriage.
    • EBC: Faithfulness in marriage reflects faithfulness to God.
  2. Living as You Are Called(1 Corinthians 7:17–24):
    “Each one should remain in the condition in which he was called.” (1 Corinthians 7:20, ESV)
    • Believers should serve God faithfully in their current circumstances.
    Commentary:
    • Matthew Henry: God’s call sanctifies every life stage and vocation.
    • NICNT: Contentment in Christ enables fruitful service.

Introduction of 1 Thessalonians 4–5: Practical instructions for living a life that pleases God

In the closing chapters of Paul’s first letter to the Thessalonians, we see his heartfelt pastoral care and deep theological teaching converge. Chapters 4 and 5 provide practical instructions for living a life that pleases God while offering hope for the future return of Christ. These chapters balance encouragement, exhortation, and eschatological teaching, addressing both individual conduct and the corporate life of the church.

This presentation dives deeply into the text, offering the full ESV scripture, key points, and religious commentary to unpack the richness of Paul’s message. Drawing on theological insights from trusted commentators, it explores themes of sanctification, community living, and readiness for Christ’s return, emphasizing their relevance for both the early church and believers today.

1 Thessalonians 4: A Life Pleasing to God

Key Points:

1. Living to Please God (1 Thessalonians 4:1–12)

  • Scripture:
    “For this is the will of God, your sanctification: that you abstain from sexual immorality.” (1 Thessalonians 4:3, ESV)
    “Aspire to live quietly, and to mind your own affairs, and to work with your hands.” (1 Thessalonians 4:11, ESV)
  • Summary:
    Paul exhorts the Thessalonians to walk in holiness, particularly in avoiding sexual immorality, loving one another, and living responsibly.
    • Holiness is God’s will for every believer.
    • Brotherly love should grow continuously.
    • Believers are called to lead peaceful, productive lives.
  • Commentary:
    • Matthew Henry: Holiness in body and spirit is the mark of true Christianity. Living peacefully demonstrates Christ’s influence to outsiders.
    • MacArthur: Sanctification includes separation from sin and devotion to God, particularly in personal relationships and daily life.

2. The Coming of the Lord (1 Thessalonians 4:13–18)

  • Scripture:
    “For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God.” (1 Thessalonians 4:16, ESV)
    “Therefore encourage one another with these words.” (1 Thessalonians 4:18, ESV)
  • Summary:
    Paul provides comfort and hope regarding the resurrection, emphasizing that believers who have died will rise when Jesus returns.
    • The dead in Christ will rise first.
    • Living believers will be caught up to meet the Lord in the air.
    • This promise brings encouragement and assurance.
  • Commentary:
    • EBC: This passage highlights the certainty of the resurrection and reunion with Christ, offering hope amid grief.
    • Guzik: The “rapture” reflects God’s victory over death, ensuring eternal unity with Christ for all believers.

1 Thessalonians 5: Living in Readiness

Key Points:

1. The Day of the Lord (1 Thessalonians 5:1–11)

  • Scripture:
    “For you yourselves are fully aware that the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night.” (1 Thessalonians 5:2, ESV)
    “But you are not in darkness, brothers, for that day to surprise you like a thief.” (1 Thessalonians 5:4, ESV)
  • Summary:
    Paul warns of the suddenness of the Lord’s return, urging believers to remain spiritually alert and prepared.
    • Unbelievers will be caught off guard.
    • Believers, as children of the light, should live vigilantly.
    • The promise of salvation through Christ ensures believers’ security.
  • Commentary:
    • Matthew Henry: The suddenness of Christ’s return calls for continual spiritual readiness and faithfulness.
    • MacArthur: This passage contrasts the destiny of the saved and unsaved, encouraging believers to live with hope and anticipation.

2. Exhortations for Christian Living (1 Thessalonians 5:12–22)

  • Scripture:
    “Rejoice always, pray without ceasing, give thanks in all circumstances.” (1 Thessalonians 5:16–18, ESV)
    “Abstain from every form of evil.” (1 Thessalonians 5:22, ESV)
  • Summary:
    Paul gives practical guidance for maintaining a healthy and vibrant church community.
    • Respect church leaders.
    • Support and encourage fellow believers.
    • Cultivate joy, prayer, and gratitude.
    • Test everything, holding fast to good and rejecting evil.
  • Commentary:
    • EBC: Paul’s concise exhortations promote a Christ-centered life characterized by joy and discernment.
    • Guzik: Spiritual maturity is nurtured through consistent worship, prayer, and avoidance of evil influences.

3. Closing Benediction (1 Thessalonians 5:23–28)

  • Scripture:
    “Now may the God of peace himself sanctify you completely, and may your whole spirit and soul and body be kept blameless.” (1 Thessalonians 5:23, ESV)
  • Summary:
    Paul concludes with a prayer for God’s sanctifying work, emphasizing His faithfulness in preserving believers until Christ’s return.
  • Commentary:
    • Matthew Henry: Paul’s prayer reflects confidence in God’s ability to perfect believers for His glory.
    • MacArthur: God’s work of sanctification guarantees the ultimate preservation and glorification of believers.

Themes and Application:

  1. Hope in the Lord’s Return:
    The promise of Jesus’ return encourages holy living and offers comfort in trials.
  2. Christian Community:
    Practical exhortations highlight the importance of mutual support, spiritual vigilance, and communal worship.
  3. God’s Faithfulness:
    Believers can trust God to complete the work He began in them.

My Thoughts:

The messages in 1 Corinthians 1–7 and 1 Thessalonians 4–5 provide timeless guidance for living out our Christian faith. Just as the early church needed direction, Paul’s letters offer profound insight into how believers should conduct themselves in their walk with Christ. In 1 Corinthians, Paul addresses issues like division, immorality, and spiritual maturity, urging the church to remain united, holy, and grounded in the gospel. Similarly, in 1 Thessalonians, Paul emphasizes living in anticipation of Christ’s return, offering exhortations on how to live out a life of purity, love, and faithfulness, both within the church and the world.

Paul’s teachings remind us that our lives should reflect the values of the kingdom of God. In 1 Corinthians, the call to unity and love challenges us to overcome divisions and embrace humility, recognizing that we are all one in Christ. The exhortation to avoid sexual immorality and to honor God with our bodies in 1 Corinthians 6 serves as a reminder of the sacredness of our bodies as temples of the Holy Spirit. In 1 Thessalonians, Paul encourages believers to live in readiness for the Lord’s return, cultivating lives marked by prayer, thanksgiving, and mutual encouragement. These passages serve as both a warning and an encouragement, urging us to live with purpose and hope as we await Christ’s return.

As we apply these teachings to our own lives, we are reminded of the importance of how we represent Christ in our time. Our words and actions should reflect the love of Jesus Christ, bringing light to a world in need of His hope. In both letters, Paul emphasizes the necessity of living according to God’s will—through holiness, love, and readiness for His return. Let us heed these instructions and strive to represent Christ in all that we do, demonstrating His love and grace in our relationships and daily conduct. By doing so, we not only honor God but also serve as a witness to the world of His transforming power in our lives.

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Copyright Notice © 2024 Rev. Cecil Thorn Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this work authored by Rev. Cecil Thorn, to distribute, display, and reproduce the work, in its entirety, including verbatim copies, provided that no fee is charged for the copies or distribution. This permission is granted for non-commercial distribution only.

Navigating Modern Challenges: Lessons from Paul’s Missionary Journey in Acts 17

Pastor Cecil Thorn

Introduction

In this message, we will explore the multifaceted challenges Christians face in the 21st century, examining contemporary conflicts and drawing comparisons to historical contexts. Chapter 1 delves into the ethical, cultural, and social conflicts confronting modern believers. Chapter 2 compares these current challenges to those of the 4th century, as reflected in Acts 17:16 (ESV), highlighting both the similarities and differences. Chapter 3 outlines the model provided by Paul in Acts 17:16-34 (ESV) for addressing these challenges with wisdom and faithfulness. Finally, Chapter 4 offers closing thoughts on navigating the complexities of modern Christian life with the insights gained from our study.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: What are the 21th-century conflicts we face as Christians face today

Chapter 2: How is the 21St Century compare to the 4th century as per Acts 17:16

Chapter 3: How did Paul offer us a model to address these Challenges

Chapter 4: Closing Thoughts

What are the 21th-century conflicts we face as Christians face today

Christians in the 21st century face a variety of conflicts that arise from the intersection of faith with modern societal, cultural, and political issues. Some of the key conflicts include:

1. Secularism and Religious Freedom

  • Secularization of Society: Increasing secularization in many parts of the world often leads to the marginalization of religious perspectives in public life and policy-making.
  • Religious Freedom: Conflicts over religious freedom and expression, including debates about the role of religion in schools, workplaces, and government.

2. Ethical and Moral Moral

  • Bioethics: Advances in medical technology raise complex ethical questions about issues such as abortion, euthanasia, genetic engineering, and stem cell research.
  • Sexuality and Gender: Debates over LGBTQ+ rights, gender identity, and the redefinition of marriage challenge traditional Christian teachings on sexuality and family.

3. Cultural and Social Pressures

  • Consumerism and Materialism: The pervasive culture of consumerism and materialism can conflict with Christian values of simplicity, generosity, and stewardship.
  • Media and Entertainment: Exposure to media content that often contradicts Christian values regarding violence, sexuality, and morality.

4. Political Polarization

  • Political Division: Increasing political polarization affects Christian communities, often creating divisions within congregations over political allegiances and policy stances.
  • Social Justice and Activism: Navigating the balance between advocating for social justice and maintaining theological integrity in a highly politicized environment.

5. Globalization and Interfaith Relations

  • Interfaith Dialogue: The necessity of engaging in meaningful dialogue with people of other faiths amidst rising religious pluralism.
  • Persecution: Christians in many parts of the world face persecution, discrimination, and violence due to their faith.

6. Technological and Scientific Advances

  • Digital Ethics: Challenges related to the ethical use of technology, including issues like digital privacy, artificial intelligence, and the influence of social media.
  • Science and Faith: Ongoing debates about the relationship between scientific discoveries and Christian beliefs, particularly in areas such as evolution and climate change.

7. Internal Church Issues

  • Denominational Divisions: Internal conflicts within and between denominations over theological differences, governance, and practice.
  • Scandals and Trust: The impact of scandals, particularly those involving abuse and misconduct, on the credibility and trustworthiness of the Church.

8. Mission and Evangelism

  • Relevance of the Gospel: Communicating the relevance of the Gospel in a postmodern, relativistic culture where absolute truths are often questioned.
  • Cultural Sensitivity: Balancing the desire to share the Christian message with respect for cultural diversity and differences.

These conflicts require Christians to engage with contemporary issues thoughtfully and prayerfully, seeking to uphold their faith while addressing the complexities of modern life.

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How is the 21St Century compare to the 4th century as per Acts 17:16 (ESV)

Acts 17:16 (ESV) describes the Apostle Paul’s experience in Athens, observing the city’s numerous idols and feeling deeply troubled by its pervasive idolatry:

“Now while Paul was waiting for them at Athens, his spirit was provoked within him as he saw that the city was full of idols.” (ESV)

To draw a parallel between the 21st century and the 4th century in the context of Acts 17:16 (ESV), consider the following points:

Idolatry and Cultural Parallels

  1. 4th Century Context:
  • Idolatry in Athens: In the 4th century, much like during Paul’s visit, the Greco-Roman world was saturated with idol worship and various religious practices. Cities were filled with statues, temples, and altars dedicated to a pantheon of gods.
  • Cultural and Religious Diversity: This period saw a blend of different cultures and religions, often coexisting but sometimes clashing, as Christianity began to spread more widely.
  1. 21st Century Context:
  • Modern Idolatry: In the 21st century, while traditional idolatry may not be as prevalent, there are numerous forms of ‘modern idols’ such as consumerism, technology, celebrity culture, and various ideologies that captivate people’s hearts and minds.
  • Cultural and Religious Pluralism: Today, there is a vast diversity of beliefs and practices, much like in the ancient world. The modern era is marked by a mix of religious, secular, and spiritual beliefs, leading to both coexistence and conflict.

Response to Idolatry

  • Paul’s Response: In Acts 17:16-34 (ESV), Paul engages with the Athenians by addressing their religious practices and introducing them to the concept of the “unknown god” they worshiped unknowingly, whom he identified as the one true God. Paul’s approach was to reason and dialogue, using the Athenians’ cultural context to share his message.
  • Modern Christian Response: Similarly, Christians today are called to engage with the world thoughtfully and respectfully. This involves understanding and addressing contemporary ‘idols’ and cultural trends, and communicating the Christian message in a way that resonates with modern audiences.

Common Challenges

  • Misunderstanding and Opposition: Both in the 4th century and the 21st century, Christians often face misunderstanding and opposition when confronting prevalent cultural norms and beliefs. Paul’s experience in Athens included both curiosity and ridicule from his audience.
  • Need for Discernment: Just as Paul discerned the spiritual needs and context of the Athenians, Christians today need to navigate the complexities of modern society with wisdom and sensitivity.

In summary, while the forms of idolatry and cultural dynamics have evolved, the essential challenge of confronting and engaging with prevailing beliefs and practices remains consistent from the 4th century to the 21st century. Paul’s experience in Athens offers a timeless model for addressing these challenges with discernment, respect, and clarity.

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How did Paul offer us a model to address these Challenges:

In Acts 17:16-34 (ESV), Paul provides a powerful model for addressing the challenges Christians face today. His approach in Athens, where he encountered a highly pluralistic and philosophically diverse culture, offers valuable lessons for engaging with contemporary society. Here are the key aspects of Paul’s model:

1. Awareness and Engagement

Acts 17:16 (ESV): “Now while Paul was waiting for them at Athens, his spirit was provoked within him as he saw that the city was full of idols.”

  • Observation and Concern: Paul was deeply aware of the cultural and religious environment around him. He didn’t ignore the idolatry he saw but was moved by it. This awareness led him to engage with the Athenians rather than retreat from the challenge.

2. Engaging in Dialogue

Acts 17:17 (ESV): “So he reasoned in the synagogue with the Jews and the devout persons, and in the marketplace every day with those who happened to be there.”

  • Reasoned Discourse: Paul engaged both Jews and Greeks in dialogue, using reason and discussion rather than confrontation. He spoke in places where people gathered, showing a willingness to meet them in their context.

3. Connecting with Culture

Acts 17:22-23 (ESV): “So Paul, standing in the midst of the Areopagus, said: ‘Men of Athens, I perceive that in every way you are very religious. For as I passed along and observed the objects of your worship, I found also an altar with this inscription, ‘To the unknown god.’ What therefore you worship as unknown, this I proclaim to you.'”

  • Cultural Relevance: Paul started his message by acknowledging the Athenians’ religiosity and used their altar to the unknown god as a point of connection. He spoke their language and referenced their own cultural symbols to introduce the Gospel.

4. Proclaiming the Truth

Acts 17:24-27(ESV): “The God who made the world and everything in it, being Lord of heaven and earth, does not live in temples made by man, nor is he served by human hands, as though he needed anything, since he himself gives to all mankind life and breath and everything. And he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their dwelling place, that they should seek God, in the hope that they might feel their way toward him and find him.”

  • Clear Proclamation: Paul clearly proclaimed the nature of God as Creator and Sustainer of all things, contrasting the living God with idols. He provided a theological foundation for his listeners to understand the Christian God.

5. Addressing Misconceptions

Acts 17:29 (ESV): “Being then God’s offspring, we ought not to think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone, an image formed by the art and imagination of man.”

  • Correcting Errors: Paul directly addressed and corrected the misconceptions about the nature of God, explaining that God is not an idol made by human hands but a living being.

6. Calling for Response

Acts 17:30-31(ESV): “The times of ignorance God overlooked, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent, because he has fixed a day on which he will judge the world in righteousness by a man whom he has appointed; and of this he has given assurance to all by raising him from the dead.”

  • Call to Action: Paul called for a response, urging repentance and highlighting the reality of judgment and the resurrection of Jesus. He didn’t shy away from the challenging aspects of the Gospel message.

7. Accepting Diverse Reactions

Acts 17:32-34 (ESV) : “Now when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked. But others said, ‘We will hear you again about this.’ So Paul went out from their midst. But some men joined him and believed, among whom also were Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris and others with them.”

  • Handling Reactions: Paul faced a range of reactions, from mockery to curiosity to belief. He accepted that not everyone would respond positively but continued to share the message faithfully.

Conclusion

Paul’s approach in Athens serves as a model for Christians addressing modern challenges:

  • Be observant and engaged with the culture.
  • Dialogue respectfully and thoughtfully.
  • Connect the Gospel to cultural touchpoints.
  • Proclaim the truth clearly and confidently.
  • Correct misconceptions with compassion.
  • Call for a response without compromising the message.
  • Accept diverse reactions and remain steadfast in faith.

By following Paul’s example, Christians can navigate the complexities of the 21st century with wisdom, courage, and grace.

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Closing Thoughts

As we navigate the complexities and challenges of the 21st century, we can draw immense wisdom and inspiration from the experiences of early Christians, particularly the Apostle Paul. The conflicts we face today—ranging from secularism and ethical dilemmas to political polarization and technological advances—may seem unprecedented, yet they echo the cultural and religious tensions of earlier times. By understanding how Paul addressed the idolatry and philosophical diversity of ancient Athens, we gain a timeless strategy for engaging with our contemporary world thoughtfully and effectively.

Paul’s approach in Acts 17:16-34 (ESV) serves as a powerful model for modern Christians. His method of observing and understanding the cultural context, engaging in respectful dialogue, and connecting the Gospel to the listeners’ experiences provides a blueprint for addressing today’s conflicts. Paul’s clear proclamation of God’s nature, his correction of misconceptions, and his call to repentance remind us of the importance of staying true to the core message of Christianity, even when faced with diverse reactions and opposition.

The lessons from Paul’s missionary journey in Athens are profoundly relevant for Christians today. By embracing his approach, we can confidently confront the idols of our time, engage with cultural and ethical challenges, and share the Gospel with clarity and compassion. As we strive to follow Paul’s example, let us remain steadfast in our faith, always ready to reason, connect, and proclaim the truth of Christ in a world that desperately needs hope and redemption.

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The Apostle Paul

Rev. Cecil Thorn

Welcome to a four-week Bible Study focused on one of Christianity’s most
influential figures: the Apostle Paul. This Bible Study, prepared by Rev. Dr. Cecil Thorn, offers a structured journey through Paul’s life, conversion, missionary work, and writings, providing an in-depth understanding of his pivotal role in the early Christian church.

Paul, originally known as Saul of Tarsus, was a fervent persecutor of Christians
before experiencing a dramatic conversion. His encounter with Jesus on the road
to Damascus transformed him from a fierce opponent of Christianity into one of
its most ardent advocates. Paul’s life and ministry exemplify the power of
redemption and the profound impact of divine calling.

Throughout this Bible Study, each week is dedicated to exploring different
aspects of Paul’s life and ministry.

The Apostle Paul PDF file (English): DOWNLOAD

Note: In the PDF, the chapter’s titles are links in the PDF that allows you to jump to that page. Also you will need to use one of the following to use the chapter jumping either Adobe Acrobat, Goggle Chrome or Microsoft Edge.

Table of Contents

Week 1: Paul’s Conversion and Calling
Day 1: Introduction to Paul
Day 2: Paul’s Encounter with Jesus
Day 3: Ananias Restores Paul’s Sight
Day 4: Paul’s Transformation
Day 5: Paul’s Early Ministry
Week 2: Paul’s Missionary Journeys (Part 1)
Day 1: Paul’s First Missionary Journey Begins
Day 2: Ministry in Antioch of Pisidia
Day 3: Paul’s Ministry in Iconium and Lystra
Day 4: Paul and Barnabas at the Council of Jerusalem
Day 5: Paul’s Disagreement with Barnabas and Departure with Silas
Week 3: Paul’s Missionary Journeys (Part 2)
Day 1: Paul’s Second Missionary Journey Begins
Day 2: Paul’s Ministry in Philippi
Day 3: Ministry in Thessalonica and Berea
Day 4: Paul’s Ministry in Athens
Day 5: Paul’s Ministry in Corinth
Week 4: Paul’s Letters and Imprisonment
Day 1: Paul’s Letters to the Churches
Day 2: Paul’s Arrest in Jerusalem
Day 3: Paul’s Defense Before Felix
Day 4: Paul’s Defense Before Festus and Agrippa
Day 5: Paul’s Journey to Rome

Conclusion

Week 1: Paul’s Conversion and Calling

Day 1: Introduction to Paul

The Apostle Paul, originally known as Saul of Tarsus, emerges in the New Testament as one of the most influential figures in early Christianity. Born into a devout Jewish family, Paul was educated in the traditions of Judaism and zealously persecuted early Christians. However, his life took a dramatic turn when he encountered the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus, resulting in his conversion and commission as an apostle to the Gentiles. Paul’s profound theological insights, missionary journeys, and prolific epistles played a foundational role in shaping Christian doctrine and spreading the gospel throughout the Roman Empire. His unwavering commitment to Christ, coupled with his deep understanding of both Jewish and Gentile cultures, made him a key bridge-builder within the early Christian community, cementing his legacy as a towering figure in the history of Christianity.

Scripture: Acts 9:1-19 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 9:1-19 (ESV) provides rich insights into the transformative encounter of Saul of Tarsus with the risen Christ on the road to Damascus. Henry underscores the magnitude of Saul’s conversion, highlighting the sudden and miraculous nature of his encounter with Jesus. He emphasizes Saul’s profound transformation from a zealous persecutor of Christians to a passionate follower of Christ and apostle to the Gentiles. Henry also emphasizes the sovereignty of God in orchestrating Saul’s conversion, underscoring the divine initiative behind Saul’s calling and commissioning. Additionally, Henry emphasizes the role of Ananias in Saul’s conversion, noting his obedience to God’s call despite initial reluctance. Overall, Henry’s commentary illuminates the significance of Saul’s conversion as a pivotal moment in the early church and as a testament to the transformative power of God’s grace.

Here are three questions based on Acts 9:1-19 (ESV) that delve into this pivotal moment of Paul’s conversion and calling:

  1. What was Saul’s initial purpose on the road to Damascus according to Acts 9:1-2 (ESV)? How did his encounter with Jesus change the course of his mission?
  2. Describe Saul’s response to encountering Jesus on the road to Damascus as recorded in Acts 9:3-9 (ESV). What physical and spiritual changes did he experience during this encounter?
  3. How did Ananias play a crucial role in Saul’s conversion and early ministry as depicted in Acts 9:10-19? What significance does Ananias’s obedience to God’s instruction hold in this narrative?

These questions highlight Saul’s transformation into Paul, illustrating the profound impact of encountering Jesus and the divine intervention that propelled Paul into his influential ministry among both Jews and Gentiles.

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Day 2: Paul’s Encounter with Jesus

Paul’s encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus stands as a watershed moment not only in his life but also in the history of Christianity. Blazing with divine light, Jesus appeared to Saul, who was then a fervent persecutor of Christians, and confronted him with a question that would echo through the corridors of eternity: “Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?” In that instant, Saul’s entire worldview shattered as he came face to face with the risen Christ. This encounter was not merely a dramatic spectacle but a profound revelation of grace, mercy, and divine purpose. From that moment forward, Saul’s life was forever changed. He became Paul, the relentless advocate of the gospel he once sought to destroy, a living testimony to the transformative power of encountering Jesus Christ.

Scripture: Acts 9:1-9 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 9:1-9 (ESV) delves into the remarkable conversion of Saul of Tarsus, later known as the apostle Paul. Henry emphasizes the dramatic nature of Saul’s encounter with the risen Christ on the road to Damascus, highlighting how the blinding light and the voice of Jesus profoundly impacted Saul’s life. Henry explores the depth of Saul’s opposition to Christianity prior to his conversion, underscoring the magnitude of the transformation that took place. He emphasizes the sovereignty of God in orchestrating Saul’s conversion, demonstrating how God’s grace can penetrate even the hardest of hearts. Furthermore, Henry discusses the significance of Saul’s blindness as a symbol of his spiritual condition before encountering Christ. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides profound insights into the spiritual journey of Saul and the divine intervention that led to his conversion, highlighting the transformative power of encountering Jesus Christ.


Here are three questions related to Paul’s encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus based on Acts 9:1-9 (ESV):

  1. Describe the circumstances leading up to Saul’s encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus. What was Saul’s purpose in traveling to Damascus?
  2. How did Jesus reveal Himself to Saul during this encounter, and what impact did this revelation have on Saul’s perception of Jesus and his own mission?
  3. What physical and spiritual effects did Saul experience as a result of encountering Jesus on the road to Damascus? How did this encounter mark a turning point in Saul’s life and ministry?

These questions can help explore the details and significance of this pivotal moment in Paul’s life and the early history of Christianity as recorded in Acts 9:1-9 (ESV).

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Day 3: Ananias Restores Paul’s Sight

In Acts 9:10-19 (ESV), we witness a pivotal moment in the early Christian narrative as Ananias, a faithful disciple, is called upon by the Lord to restore the sight of Saul, who had been blinded by a divine encounter on the road to Damascus. Despite initial reservations, Ananias displays remarkable obedience to God’s command, demonstrating a deep trust in divine providence. As Ananias lays his hands on Saul, scales fall from his eyes, symbolizing not only the physical restoration of sight but also the spiritual enlightenment that accompanies Saul’s conversion. This encounter between Ananias and Saul serves as a powerful testament to the transformative power of God’s grace and the importance of obedience to His will. Through Ananias’s act of faithfulness, Saul is not only physically healed but also welcomed into the community of believers, marking the beginning of his journey as the influential apostle Paul.

Scripture: Acts 9:10-19 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 9:10-19 (ESV) provides profound insights into the role of Ananias in restoring Paul’s sight and initiating his ministry. Henry emphasizes Ananias’s obedience to God’s call despite his initial apprehension, highlighting his willingness to trust in divine guidance. He explores the significance of Ananias’s role as a mediator between Paul and the early Christian community, underscoring the importance of reconciliation and acceptance within the body of believers. Henry also delves into the symbolic nature of Paul’s blindness and restoration, drawing parallels to the spiritual enlightenment that accompanies conversion. Overall, Henry’s commentary illuminates the themes of faith, obedience, and redemption inherent in this passage, offering readers a deeper understanding of the transformative power of God’s grace in the lives of His followers.


Here are three questions based on the account of Ananias restoring Saul’s sight in Acts 9:10-19 (ESV):

  1. Who was Ananias, and how did he initially respond when God instructed him to go to Saul and restore his sight?
  2. Describe the significance of Ananias’s obedience to God’s command despite his reservations. What does this reveal about Ananias’s faith and trust in divine providence?
  3. What symbolic meaning is conveyed through the act of Ananias laying his hands on Saul and the subsequent falling of scales from Saul’s eyes? How does this symbolize both physical healing and spiritual enlightenment in Saul’s life?

These questions can help explore the role of Ananias in Saul’s conversion and highlight the themes of obedience, faithfulness, and the transformative power of God’s grace as depicted in Acts 9:10-19 (ESV).

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Day 4: Paul’s Transformation

Paul’s transformation from Saul of Tarsus, a zealous persecutor of Christians, to the esteemed apostle Paul is a testament to the radical power of God’s grace. In Acts 9:1-19 (ESV), we witness the dramatic encounter on the road to Damascus, where Saul is enveloped in a blinding light and hears the voice of Jesus calling him by name. This divine intervention not only physically blinds Saul but also opens his spiritual eyes to the truth of Jesus Christ. Through the ministry of Ananias, Saul’s sight is restored, symbolizing the illumination of his heart and mind to the reality of the gospel. From that moment forward, Saul’s life is marked by a profound transformation characterized by repentance, faith, and fervent devotion to Christ. Renamed Paul, he becomes a fearless preacher of the gospel, enduring persecution, hardship, and imprisonment to spread the message of salvation to both Jews and Gentiles. Paul’s transformation serves as a powerful example of God’s ability to redeem even the most hardened hearts and to use unlikely vessels for His divine purposes.

Scripture: Galatians 1:11-24 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Galatians 1:11-24 (ESV) provides valuable insights into the authenticity of Paul’s apostolic calling and the authority of his message. Henry underscores Paul’s defense against accusations of preaching a gospel of human origin by emphasizing the divine revelation he received directly from Jesus Christ. Henry highlights Paul’s insistence that his gospel message did not originate from human tradition or instruction but was instead revealed to him by Jesus Himself. This divine commissioning not only authenticated Paul’s apostleship but also served as a foundation for his unwavering commitment to proclaiming the gospel truth. Furthermore, Henry explores the significance of Paul’s transformation from a persecutor of the church to a preacher of Christ, highlighting the radical nature of his conversion and the evidence of God’s grace at work in his life. Overall, Henry’s commentary illuminates the central themes of divine revelation, apostolic authority, and personal transformation inherent in Paul’s testimony, providing readers with a deeper understanding of the authenticity and significance of his ministry.

Here are three questions related to Paul’s transformation and calling based on the description in Acts 9:1-19 and Galatians 1:11-24 (ESV):

  1. Describe Saul’s encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus as depicted in Acts 9 (ESV). How did this encounter lead to Saul’s transformation into the apostle Paul?
  2. According to Galatians 1:11-24 (ESV), what details does Paul share about his conversion experience and subsequent ministry? How does he emphasize the role of divine revelation in shaping his mission?
  3. How did the ministry of Ananias contribute to Paul’s transformation and acceptance into the Christian community? What symbolic significance is attached to the restoration of Saul’s sight by Ananias?

These questions can help explore the details of Paul’s transformation, his calling as an apostle, and the role of divine intervention and human agency in shaping his ministry as described in Acts 9 and Galatians 1:11-24 (ESV).

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Day 5: Paul’s Early Ministry

Paul’s early ministry, following his conversion on the road to Damascus, was characterized by fervent zeal and unwavering dedication to spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ. Emerging from a background of vehement persecution against Christians, Paul experienced a profound transformation that propelled him into a life of missionary endeavors and ministerial service. Acts 9:20-31 (ESV) chronicles Paul’s immediate immersion into preaching the message he once sought to destroy, boldly proclaiming Jesus as the Son of God in the synagogues. Despite facing initial skepticism and opposition, Paul’s passion for Christ and his unyielding commitment to sharing the good news propelled him forward. He embarked on a journey of evangelism and church planting, tirelessly laboring to establish and strengthen the burgeoning Christian communities throughout the regions of Judea and beyond. Paul’s early ministry laid a solid foundation for his subsequent apostolic endeavors, foreshadowing the profound impact he would have on the expansion and establishment of the Christian faith in the ancient world.

Scripture: Acts 9:20-31 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 9:20-31 (ESV) offers valuable insights into Paul’s early ministry following his conversion. Henry underscores the remarkable transformation that took place in Paul’s life, noting his immediate and fervent proclamation of Jesus as the Son of God. He emphasizes Paul’s boldness in preaching the gospel despite facing opposition and persecution from those who were skeptical of his conversion. Henry also highlights the role of Barnabas in affirming Paul’s ministry and facilitating his acceptance within the Christian community. Furthermore, Henry explores the growth and expansion of the early church as a result of Paul’s preaching, underscoring the transformative power of the gospel message. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the significance of Paul’s early ministry and its impact on the spread of Christianity in the first-century world.

Here are three questions based on Paul’s early ministry described in Acts 9:20-31 (ESV):

  1. How did Paul begin his ministry immediately after his conversion in Acts 9:20-22 (ESV)? What message did he boldly proclaim in the synagogues, and how did the people react to his preaching?
  2. Despite facing initial skepticism and opposition from some Jews, how did Paul demonstrate unwavering commitment to spreading the gospel in Acts 9:23-25 (ESV)? What challenges did he encounter, and how did he persevere in his ministry?
  3. According to Acts 9:26-31 (ESV), how did the believers in Jerusalem respond to Paul’s conversion and early ministry? How did Barnabas play a significant role in Paul’s acceptance into the Christian community, and what impact did this have on Paul’s subsequent missionary endeavors?

These questions can help explore the details of Paul’s fervent ministry following his conversion, his perseverance in the face of opposition, and the support he received from fellow believers as described in Acts 9:20-31 (ESV).

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Week 2: Paul’s Missionary Journeys (Part 1)

Day 1: Paul’s First Missionary Journey Begins

Here we witness the commencement of Paul’s first missionary journey, a pivotal chapter in the spread of Christianity throughout the ancient world. Led by the Holy Spirit and commissioned by the church in Antioch, Paul, accompanied by Barnabas and John Mark, sets out to proclaim the gospel to both Jews and Gentiles. The journey begins in Cyprus, where they encounter Bar-Jesus, also known as Elymas the sorcerer, who opposes their message. In a display of divine power, Paul rebukes Elymas, temporarily blinding him, thus validating the authority of their message. This encounter serves as a significant milestone in Paul’s missionary endeavors, illustrating the spiritual warfare inherent in spreading the gospel and the transformative impact of God’s Word. As Paul and his companions continue their journey, they pave the way for the establishment of new Christian communities and the expansion of the early church, setting the stage for subsequent missionary efforts and the fulfillment of Christ’s Great Commission.

Scripture: Acts 13:1-12 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 13:1-12 (ESV) offers profound insights into the inauguration of Paul’s first missionary journey. Henry underscores the pivotal role of the Holy Spirit in guiding and empowering Paul and his companions as they embark on their mission to proclaim the gospel. He highlights the significance of Paul’s encounter with Elymas, the sorcerer, as a demonstration of divine authority and the spiritual battle that accompanies the preaching of the gospel. Henry emphasizes Paul’s boldness and conviction in confronting opposition, illustrating the transformative power of God’s Word to overcome obstacles and bring about spiritual awakening. Furthermore, Henry explores the theme of divine sovereignty in orchestrating events to fulfill God’s purposes, underscoring the providential nature of Paul’s missionary endeavors. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the spiritual dynamics at play in Paul’s missionary journeys and the profound impact of his ministry on the spread of Christianity in the early church era.

Here are three questions based on Paul’s first missionary journey described in Acts 13:1-12 (ESV):

  1. Who were the key figures involved in Paul’s first missionary journey according to Acts 13:1-3 (ESV)? How were they commissioned and sent out for this mission?
  2. Describe the encounter between Paul, Barnabas, and Elymas (Bar-Jesus) in Cyprus as detailed in Acts 13:4-12 (ESV). What was the nature of Elymas’s opposition to their message, and how did Paul respond?
  3. What was the significance of Paul’s rebuke of Elymas, resulting in his temporary blindness, in Acts 13:9-12 (ESV)? How did this event validate the authority of Paul and Barnabas’s message, and what impact did it have on the spread of Christianity during this missionary journey?

These questions can help delve into the narrative of Paul’s first missionary journey, focusing on key events and encounters described in Acts 13:1-12 (ESV), and their implications for the early spread of Christianity.

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Day 2: Ministry in Antioch of Pisidia

Here we encounter Paul and Barnabas’s ministry in Antioch of Pisidia, a significant moment in the early spread of Christianity. Upon entering the synagogue on the Sabbath day, Paul is invited to speak, and he seizes the opportunity to deliver a powerful message of salvation through Jesus Christ. Drawing upon Israel’s history, Paul eloquently demonstrates how Jesus fulfills the promises made to their ancestors, emphasizing the importance of faith in Him for forgiveness of sins and justification. Despite facing resistance from some Jews who reject his message, Paul and Barnabas boldly proclaim the gospel to both Jews and Gentiles, resulting in the conversion of many. However, opposition from Jewish leaders leads to the expulsion of Paul and Barnabas from the region. Nevertheless, their ministry in Antioch of Pisidia lays a foundation for the spread of Christianity throughout the region, demonstrating the transformative power of the gospel and the unstoppable progress of God’s kingdom.

Scripture: Acts 13:13-52 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 13:13-52 (ESV) provides deep insights into Paul and Barnabas’s ministry in Antioch of Pisidia. Henry emphasizes Paul’s strategic approach in preaching the gospel, starting with a recounting of Israel’s history to establish Jesus as the promised Messiah. He highlights Paul’s skillful use of scripture to appeal to both Jews and Gentiles, demonstrating how Jesus fulfills the Old Testament prophecies. Henry also delves into the responses of the audience, noting the mixed reactions ranging from belief to rejection. He underscores the importance of faith in Jesus for salvation and the role of repentance in receiving forgiveness of sins. Furthermore, Henry explores the opposition faced by Paul and Barnabas from Jewish leaders, illustrating the inevitable conflict that arises when the gospel challenges entrenched religious traditions. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the dynamics of early Christian evangelism and the enduring relevance of Paul’s message for believers today.

Here are three questions based on Paul and Barnabas’s ministry in Antioch of Pisidia as described in Acts 13:13-52 (ESV):

  1. How did Paul begin his message when invited to speak in the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia, according to Acts 13:16-25 (ESV)? What key aspects of Israel’s history did he emphasize to demonstrate Jesus Christ’s role in fulfilling God’s promises?
  2. Describe the response to Paul’s preaching in Antioch of Pisidia as detailed in Acts 13:42-52 (ESV). How did both Jews and Gentiles react to the message of salvation through Jesus Christ, and what impact did Paul and Barnabas’s ministry have on the local community?
  3. What role did opposition from Jewish leaders play in Paul and Barnabas’s experience in Antioch of Pisidia according to Acts 13:45-50 (ESV)? How did this opposition lead to their expulsion from the region, and what does this episode reveal about the challenges faced by early Christian missionaries?

These questions can help explore the content and impact of Paul’s preaching in Antioch of Pisidia, highlighting the response of the audience, the role of opposition, and the broader implications for the spread of Christianity in the region described in Acts 13:13-52 (ESV).

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Day 3: Paul’s Ministry in Iconium and Lystra

We witness Paul and Barnabas’s ministry in Iconium and Lystra, where they encounter both fervent acceptance and vehement opposition. Despite facing persecution and threats to their lives, Paul and Barnabas fearlessly proclaim the gospel, performing signs and wonders to authenticate their message. In Iconium, they speak in the synagogue and many believe, but division arises among the Jews and Gentiles, leading to a plot to mistreat and stone them. Fleeing to Lystra, Paul heals a man crippled from birth, prompting the crowd to hail them as gods. However, when Paul rebukes their idolatry and proclaims the one true God, the mood swiftly shifts, and they stone Paul, leaving him for dead. Nevertheless, Paul rises and continues his mission, demonstrating unwavering faith and commitment to spreading the gospel despite the hardships and dangers he faces. This episode in Iconium and Lystra showcases the resilience of Paul and Barnabas in the face of adversity and their unwavering dedication to fulfilling their calling as ambassadors for Christ.

Scripture: Acts 14:1-28 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 14:1-28 (ESV) offers profound insights into Paul and Barnabas’s ministry in Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe. Henry emphasizes the resilience and determination of Paul and Barnabas in the face of opposition and persecution. He highlights the effectiveness of their preaching, which leads to the conversion of many Jews and Gentiles, despite the hostility of Jewish leaders. Henry also explores the miraculous signs and wonders performed by Paul and Barnabas, underscoring the divine validation of their message. Furthermore, Henry discusses the challenges faced by Paul and Barnabas, including Paul’s stoning in Lystra, and their perseverance in continuing their mission despite the hardships. He underscores the importance of faithfulness and endurance in the midst of trials, drawing lessons for believers in every age. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the dynamics of early Christian evangelism and the enduring impact of Paul and Barnabas’s ministry on the expansion of the early church.

Here are three questions based on Paul and Barnabas’s ministry in Iconium and Lystra as described in Acts 14:1-28 (ESV):

  1. What were some of the challenges Paul and Barnabas faced during their ministry in Iconium, as detailed in Acts 14:1-7 (ESV)? How did they respond to opposition and persecution while proclaiming the gospel?
  2. Describe the miraculous event that took place in Lystra, as recounted in Acts 14:8-18 (ESV). How did Paul’s healing of a crippled man lead to both acclaim and hostility from the crowd, and what was Paul’s response to being hailed as a god?
  3. How did Paul and Barnabas react to the persecution they faced in Lystra, as described in Acts 14:19-28 (ESV)? Despite being stoned and left for dead, how did Paul demonstrate unwavering faith and commitment to continue their mission of spreading the gospel?

These questions can help explore the challenges and triumphs of Paul and Barnabas’s missionary journey in Iconium and Lystra, highlighting their resilience in the face of adversity and their unwavering commitment to proclaiming the gospel despite opposition and persecution.

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Day 4: Paul and Barnabas at the Council of Jerusalem

The Council of Jerusalem, depicted in Acts 15:1-35 (ESV), stands as a pivotal moment in the early church’s history, particularly regarding the inclusion of Gentiles into the faith community. Paul and Barnabas, along with other church leaders, journey to Jerusalem to address the question of whether Gentile converts must adhere to Jewish customs, such as circumcision, to be considered part of the Christian community. Paul vehemently argues for the inclusion of Gentiles based on the principle of salvation by grace through faith, rather than adherence to the Mosaic law. His impassioned defense resonates with the council, leading to a consensus that Gentile believers should not be burdened with Jewish rituals. Instead, they are encouraged to abstain from idolatry, sexual immorality, and consuming blood, demonstrating sensitivity to Jewish sensitivities while affirming the freedom of Gentile believers in Christ. The decision reached at the Council of Jerusalem marks a significant milestone in the early church’s understanding of its mission and identity, setting a precedent for the inclusive nature of Christianity and the primacy of grace in salvation.

Scripture: Acts 15:1-35 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 15:1-35 (ESV) provides profound insights into the proceedings of the Council of Jerusalem. Henry highlights the central issue at hand: the question of whether Gentile converts must adhere to Jewish customs, particularly circumcision, to be considered part of the Christian community. He emphasizes the spirited debate among the apostles and elders, noting Paul and Barnabas’s advocacy for the inclusion of Gentiles based on the principle of salvation by grace through faith. Henry explores the deliberations of the council and the wisdom displayed in reaching a consensus that Gentile believers should not be burdened with the yoke of the Mosaic law. Instead, they are encouraged to uphold moral standards consistent with the teachings of Christ. Henry underscores the importance of maintaining unity and harmony within the church while respecting cultural differences and diversity among believers. Overall, Henry’s commentary sheds light on the significance of the Council of Jerusalem in shaping the early church’s theology and mission, affirming the universal scope of salvation through Jesus Christ.

Here are three questions based on the Council of Jerusalem as depicted in Acts 15:1-35 (ESV):

  1. What was the central issue debated at the Council of Jerusalem as described in Acts 15:1-5 (ESV)? How did Paul and Barnabas defend the inclusion of Gentile converts into the Christian community?
  2. How did Peter and James contribute to the resolution of the dispute at the Council of Jerusalem, according to Acts 15:6-21 (ESV)? What key arguments did they present in favor of not imposing Jewish customs on Gentile believers?
  3. What was the final decision reached at the Council of Jerusalem, as outlined in Acts 15:22-35 (ESV)? How did this decision impact the early church’s approach to incorporating Gentiles into the faith community, and what principles did it establish regarding salvation and adherence to Jewish customs?

These questions delve into the significant theological and practical implications of the Council of Jerusalem, highlighting the pivotal role of Paul and other leaders in shaping the early church’s understanding of grace, faith, and the inclusion of Gentile believers.

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Day 5: Paul’s Disagreement with Barnabas and Departure with Silas

We witness a significant disagreement between Paul and Barnabas regarding the inclusion of John Mark in their missionary journey, resulting in their subsequent separation. Despite their previous partnership in ministry, Paul is adamant about not taking John Mark, who had deserted them during an earlier mission trip. Barnabas, however, advocates for giving John Mark another chance. Unable to reconcile their differences, Paul and Barnabas part ways, with Barnabas taking John Mark and sailing to Cyprus while Paul selects Silas as his new companion and sets out on his missionary journey. This episode highlights the reality of conflict and disagreement among even the most esteemed leaders in the early church but also demonstrates the sovereignty of God in working through diverse circumstances and individuals to accomplish His purposes. The separation of Paul and Barnabas ultimately leads to the expansion of their missionary efforts, with each embarking on separate journeys to spread the gospel, thus multiplying the impact of their ministry.

Scripture: Acts 15:36-41 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 15:36-41 (ESV) delves into the disagreement between Paul and Barnabas over whether to take John Mark on their missionary journey, resulting in their eventual separation. Henry emphasizes the human element of conflict among even esteemed leaders in the early church, illustrating the reality of interpersonal tensions within the Christian community. He explores Paul’s firm stance on not taking John Mark due to his previous desertion, contrasting it with Barnabas’s compassionate advocacy for giving him another chance. Henry highlights the sovereignty of God in orchestrating the separation of Paul and Barnabas, despite the apparent discord, ultimately leading to the expansion of their missionary efforts as they embark on separate journeys. Additionally, Henry underscores the importance of forgiveness, reconciliation, and perseverance in the face of disagreement, drawing lessons for believers in navigating interpersonal conflicts within the church. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the complexities of human relationships and the providential workings of God in advancing His kingdom purposes through diverse circumstances and individuals.

Here are three questions based on the separation of Paul and Barnabas as described in Acts 15:36-41 (ESV):

  1. What was the primary reason for the disagreement between Paul and Barnabas regarding John Mark’s inclusion in their missionary journey, according to Acts 15:36-41 (ESV)? How did this disagreement lead to their separation?
  2. How did Paul and Barnabas each respond to the disagreement over John Mark’s participation in the missionary journey, as detailed in Acts 15:37-39? What factors influenced their decisions?
  3. What were the outcomes of the separation between Paul and Barnabas as depicted in Acts 15:40-41 (ESV)? How did this division ultimately contribute to the further spread of the gospel and expansion of their missionary efforts?

These questions explore the dynamics of conflict and decision-making among early Christian leaders, highlighting the complexities of interpersonal relationships and the diverse paths taken in advancing the mission of spreading the gospel.

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Week 3: Paul’s Missionary Journeys (Part 2)

Day 1: Paul’s Second Missionary Journey Begins

Here we witness the beginning of Paul’s second missionary journey, a significant chapter in the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. Accompanied by Silas, Paul sets out to visit and strengthen the churches established during his first journey. Along the way, they encounter Timothy, a young disciple whose faith and reputation commend him to Paul’s ministry. Impressed by Timothy’s character and commitment, Paul circumcises him to avoid unnecessary offense to the Jewish communities they will encounter. As they travel through Phrygia and Galatia, the Holy Spirit guides their steps, preventing them from preaching in Asia and Bithynia and leading them instead to Troas. There, in a vision, Paul receives divine instruction to journey to Macedonia, marking the expansion of the gospel into Europe. This pivotal moment underscores the sovereignty of God in directing the course of Paul’s missionary endeavors and demonstrates the responsiveness of Paul and his companions to the leading of the Holy Spirit. Through their obedience and reliance on God’s guidance, Paul’s second missionary journey is launched, paving the way for the establishment of new Christian communities and the continued spread of the gospel to the ends of the earth.

Scripture: Acts 16:1-15 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 16:1-15 (ESV) offers profound insights into the beginning of Paul’s second missionary journey and the events surrounding his encounter with Timothy and the Macedonian call. Henry emphasizes the significance of Timothy’s partnership with Paul, noting his commendable character and commitment to the gospel ministry. He explores Paul’s decision to circumcise Timothy as a strategic move to avoid unnecessary offense to the Jewish communities they would encounter along their journey. Furthermore, Henry delves into the divine guidance provided by the Holy Spirit, highlighting Paul’s responsiveness to the leading of God in redirecting their course to Macedonia. Henry underscores the sovereignty of God in orchestrating the expansion of the gospel into new territories and the importance of obedience and sensitivity to the leading of the Holy Spirit in the missionary endeavor. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the providential workings of God in directing the course of Paul’s missionary journeys and the significance of partnerships in advancing the kingdom of God.

Here are three questions based on the account of Paul’s second missionary journey from Acts 16:1-15 (ESV):

  1. Who were the key companions that accompanied Paul on his second missionary journey as described in Acts 16:1-15 (ESV)? What roles did they play in Paul’s ministry during this journey?
  2. How did the Holy Spirit guide Paul and his companions during their travels in Acts 16:6-10 (ESV)? What pivotal directions did they receive that shaped the course of their missionary journey?
  3. What significant events occurred in Philippi during Paul’s second missionary journey according to Acts 16:11-15 (ESV)? How did these events contribute to the spread of Christianity in that region?

These questions delve into the details of Paul’s journey, highlighting the role of companionship, divine guidance, and key events that shaped the expansion of the gospel during this crucial phase of early Christian missions.

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Day 2: Paul’s Ministry in Philippi

Here again we witness the transformative impact of Paul’s ministry in Philippi, a significant city in Macedonia. Arriving in Philippi, Paul and his companions, including Silas and Timothy, encounter a group of women gathered by the riverside for prayer. Among them is Lydia, a dealer in purple cloth, whose heart is opened by the Lord to receive Paul’s message. She and her household are baptized, marking the beginning of the Philippian church. However, Paul’s ministry also draws opposition, particularly from a slave girl possessed by a spirit of divination. Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, casts out the evil spirit, resulting in his imprisonment along with Silas. Yet, even in chains, Paul and Silas do not waver in their faith, singing hymns and praying to God. Their steadfastness leads to a miraculous earthquake that opens the prison doors, allowing them to share the gospel with the jailer and his household, who are subsequently baptized. Through Paul’s ministry in Philippi, we witness the transformative power of the gospel to penetrate hearts, break chains, and bring salvation to those in bondage, ultimately leading to the establishment of a vibrant Christian community in the city.

Scripture: Acts 16:16-40 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 16:16-40 (ESV) offers profound insights into Paul’s ministry in Philippi and the events surrounding his encounter with the slave girl, his imprisonment, and the conversion of the jailer. Henry emphasizes the spiritual warfare inherent in Paul’s ministry, highlighting the confrontation with the spirit of divination that possessed the slave girl. He explores the significance of Paul’s response to the girl’s proclamation, demonstrating his authority as an apostle of Christ and his commitment to purity in ministry. Furthermore, Henry delves into the miraculous intervention of God through an earthquake, which leads to the conversion of the jailer and his household. He underscores the sovereignty of God in orchestrating events for the advancement of the gospel and the establishment of the Philippian church. Henry also examines Paul’s willingness to endure suffering and persecution for the sake of the gospel, illustrating the power of faith and perseverance in the face of adversity. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the spiritual dynamics at play in Paul’s ministry in Philippi and the transformative impact of the gospel on individuals and communities.

Here are three questions based on Acts 16:16-40 (ESV), focusing on Paul’s ministry in Philippi:

  1. Who were the key individuals impacted by Paul’s ministry in Philippi as described in Acts 16:16-40 (ESV)? How did their responses to Paul’s message demonstrate the transformative power of the gospel?
  2. What challenges did Paul and his companions face during their time in Philippi according to Acts 16:16-24 (ESV)? How did they respond to adversity, and what miraculous events unfolded as a result?
  3. Describe the outcome of Paul’s imprisonment in Philippi as recorded in Acts 16:25-40 (ESV). How did the jailer and his household respond to the message of salvation, and what significance does this event hold in the establishment of the Philippian church?

These questions explore the profound impact of Paul’s ministry in Philippi, highlighting the transformative power of the gospel and the resilience of Paul and his companions in the face of adversity.

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Day 3: Ministry in Thessalonica and Berea

In Acts 17:1-15 (ESV), we witness Paul’s ministry in Thessalonica and Berea, where he continues to proclaim the gospel amidst both receptivity and resistance. In Thessalonica, Paul enters the synagogue and reasons with the Jews from the Scriptures, presenting Jesus as the Christ. While some believe and join him, others oppose him, inciting a riot and forcing Paul and Silas to flee the city. Despite the opposition, Paul’s ministry bears fruit among the Gentiles, as many receive the word with eagerness. In Berea, the response is notably different, as the Berean Jews receive the word with open-mindedness, examining the Scriptures daily to verify the truth of Paul’s message. As a result, many believe, including prominent Greek women and men. However, opposition from Thessalonica follows Paul to Berea, prompting him to depart for Athens. Through Paul’s ministry in Thessalonica and Berea, we witness both the challenges and the triumphs of spreading the gospel, underscoring the importance of perseverance in the face of opposition and the receptivity of those who earnestly seek the truth.

Scripture: Acts 17:1-15 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 17:1-15 (ESV) provides insightful analysis of Paul’s ministry in Thessalonica and Berea. Henry emphasizes Paul’s strategic approach in presenting the gospel to both Jews and Gentiles, using the Scriptures to demonstrate Jesus as the promised Messiah. He highlights the receptivity of some, particularly in Berea, who diligently searched the Scriptures to verify the truth of Paul’s message. Henry also delves into the opposition faced by Paul, particularly from the Jews in Thessalonica who incited a riot against him. Despite the challenges, Paul’s ministry bears fruit among the Gentiles, illustrating the transformative power of the gospel to overcome barriers and bring salvation to all who believe. Henry underscores the importance of perseverance in the face of opposition and the role of diligent study and examination of Scripture in discerning truth. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the dynamics of early Christian evangelism and the enduring relevance of Paul’s ministry for believers today.

Here are three questions based on Acts 17:1-15 (ESV), focusing on Paul’s ministry in Thessalonica and Berea:

  1. Describe the reception of Paul’s message in Thessalonica as recounted in Acts 17:1-9 (ESV). How did the response to Paul’s preaching differ among the Jews and Gentiles, and what were the outcomes of his ministry in this city?
  2. What unique response did Paul encounter in Berea according to Acts 17:10-12 (ESV)? How did the Bereans approach Paul’s teachings, and what impact did their diligence in studying the Scriptures have on the reception of the gospel message?
  3. How did opposition from Thessalonica affect Paul’s ministry in Berea as described in Acts 17:13-15 (ESV)? What does this episode reveal about the challenges faced by early Christian missionaries, and how did Paul respond to these obstacles?

These questions delve into the dynamics of Paul’s ministry in Thessalonica and Berea, highlighting the varied responses to the gospel message and the perseverance of Paul in the face of opposition. They also underscore the importance of earnestly seeking the truth and examining the Scriptures to validate the message of salvation preached by Paul.

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Day 4: Paul’s Ministry in Athens

In Acts 17:16-34 (ESV), we encounter Paul’s ministry in Athens, a city renowned for its philosophical and religious diversity. Moved by the prevalence of idolatry in the city, Paul engages in dialogue with both Jews and Gentiles in the marketplace and the Areopagus. There, he boldly proclaims the gospel, using the Athenians’ altar to the “unknown god” as a starting point to introduce them to the true God. Paul eloquently articulates the message of Jesus Christ’s resurrection, challenging the Athenians’ worldview and inviting them to repentance and faith. While some mock his message, others express interest, and a few, including Dionysius and Damaris, become believers. Through Paul’s ministry in Athens, we witness his adaptability in communicating the gospel to diverse audiences and his unwavering commitment to proclaiming the truth of Jesus Christ in the midst of intellectual and spiritual skepticism.

Scripture: Acts 17:16-34 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 17:16-34 (ESV) provides profound insights into Paul’s ministry in Athens. Henry highlights Paul’s strategic engagement with the cultural and philosophical context of Athens, noting his boldness in addressing the prevalence of idolatry in the city. He explores Paul’s use of the Athenians’ altar to the “unknown god” as a starting point to introduce them to the true God, demonstrating his sensitivity to their religious beliefs and customs. Henry emphasizes Paul’s eloquence and wisdom in proclaiming the gospel, drawing upon his knowledge of scripture and cultural awareness to effectively communicate the message of Jesus Christ’s resurrection. Furthermore, Henry delves into the varied responses of the Athenians, illustrating the mixed reactions of curiosity, skepticism, and belief among the listeners. He underscores the importance of contextualization and cultural relevance in evangelism, as well as the sovereignty of God in convicting hearts and drawing people to Himself. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the dynamics of Paul’s ministry in Athens and the enduring relevance of his approach for engaging with diverse cultural contexts in sharing the gospel.

Here are three questions based on Acts 17:16-34 (ESV), focusing on Paul’s ministry in Athens:

  1. How did Paul engage with the intellectual and religious culture of Athens, as described in Acts 17:16-21 (ESV)? What venues did he use to communicate his message, and what was his approach to addressing the Athenians’ idolatry?
  2. Describe Paul’s speech at the Areopagus in Acts 17:22-31 (ESV). What key points did Paul emphasize in his message, and how did he connect the gospel to the Athenians’ religious practices and philosophical beliefs?
  3. What were the responses to Paul’s preaching in Athens according to Acts 17:32-34 (ESV)? How did the Athenians react to Paul’s message, and what notable conversions or reactions occurred as a result of his ministry in this city?

These questions explore Paul’s strategic approach to ministry in Athens, highlighting his ability to engage with diverse philosophical and religious perspectives while proclaiming the gospel of Jesus Christ. They also reflect on the different reactions and outcomes of Paul’s preaching in this influential cultural center of the ancient world.

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Day 5: Paul’s Ministry in Corinth

In Acts 18:1-17 (ESV), we witness Paul’s transformative ministry in Corinth, a bustling commercial hub of the ancient world. Arriving in Corinth, Paul meets Aquila and Priscilla, fellow tentmakers, with whom he forms a close partnership in both work and ministry. Paul begins his customary practice of preaching in the synagogue, where he reasons with both Jews and Greeks, testifying that Jesus is the Christ. Despite facing opposition and blasphemy from some Jews, Paul remains steadfast, declaring that he is innocent of their blood, and turns his focus to the Gentiles. In response to a vision from the Lord, Paul receives encouragement to continue preaching and teaching in Corinth, assuring him of God’s protection amidst the challenges he faces. Through Paul’s ministry, many Corinthians believe and are baptized, including Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue, and his household. Despite facing adversity and persecution, Paul’s unwavering commitment to the gospel bears fruit in Corinth, laying the foundation for a vibrant Christian community in the city.

Scripture: Acts 18:1-17 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 18:1-17 (ESV) offers profound insights into Paul’s ministry in Corinth. Henry highlights Paul’s resilience and dedication to spreading the gospel amidst both opposition and encouragement. He emphasizes Paul’s strategic approach in partnering with Aquila and Priscilla, fellow tentmakers and devout believers, illustrating the importance of collaborative ministry in advancing the kingdom of God. Henry delves into Paul’s preaching in the synagogue, noting his unwavering commitment to testifying that Jesus is the Christ, despite facing resistance and blasphemy from some Jews. He explores Paul’s response to persecution, illustrating his steadfastness and reliance on God’s protection and guidance. Furthermore, Henry examines the conversion of Crispus and his household, highlighting the transformative power of the gospel to change lives and establish vibrant Christian communities. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the challenges and triumphs of Paul’s ministry in Corinth, as well as the enduring relevance of his example for believers today.

Here are three questions based on Acts 18:1-17 (ESV), focusing on Paul’s ministry in Corinth:

  1. How did Paul’s encounter with Aquila and Priscilla in Corinth impact his ministry, as described in Acts 18:1-3 (ESV)? What role did they play in Paul’s work, and how did their shared occupation influence their partnership in both business and ministry?
  2. Describe the opposition and challenges Paul faced while preaching in the synagogue in Corinth, as outlined in Acts 18:4-8 (ESV). How did Paul respond to this resistance, and what pivotal event marked a shift in his focus from the Jews to the Gentiles in Corinth?
  3. What encouragement did Paul receive from the Lord in a vision, according to Acts 18:9-11 (ESV)? How did this vision strengthen Paul’s resolve to continue his ministry in Corinth, and what assurance did God provide regarding Paul’s safety and effectiveness in spreading the gospel?

These questions delve into Paul’s experiences and interactions during his ministry in Corinth, highlighting the dynamics of his relationships with fellow believers, his response to opposition, and the divine guidance he received to persevere in his mission despite challenges. They underscore the transformative impact of Paul’s unwavering commitment to proclaiming the gospel in this influential city of the ancient world.

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Week 4: Paul’s Letters and Imprisonment

Day 1: Paul’s Letters to the Churches

Paul’s letters to the churches stand as foundational documents of Christian theology and practice, offering timeless wisdom and guidance to believers across generations. From his epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, Paul addresses a wide range of theological, ethical, and pastoral concerns. With profound theological depth and pastoral sensitivity, Paul expounds on themes such as salvation by grace through faith, the unity of the body of Christ, Christian ethics, the role of the Holy Spirit, and the hope of Christ’s return. Through his letters, Paul not only instructs and admonishes but also encourages and exhorts believers to live lives worthy of their calling in Christ. His words continue to inspire and guide believers in their journey of faith, providing enduring truths and principles for navigating the complexities of Christian life and ministry.

Scripture: Various passages from Paul’s letters (e.g., Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians)

  1. Romans 3:23 (ESV)
  2. 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 (ESV)
  3. Galatians 5:22-23 (ESV)
  4. Ephesians 2:8-9 (ESV)
  5. Philippians 4:6-7 (ESV
  6. Colossians 3:12-14 (ESV)
  7. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Paul’s epistles offers comprehensive insights into the theological depth and practical application of Paul’s letters to the early Christian churches. Henry delves into the historical and cultural context of each epistle, providing valuable background information to enhance understanding. He expounds on key theological themes such as salvation by grace through faith, the unity of the body of Christ, Christian ethics, and eschatology, offering profound insights into the Christian faith. Henry’s commentary also provides practical guidance for believers in applying the teachings of Paul’s letters to their daily lives, addressing issues such as Christian living, church leadership, and relationships within the Christian community. Through his thorough analysis and clear exposition of scripture, Henry’s commentary on Paul’s epistles continues to serve as a valuable resource for Christians seeking a deeper understanding of the teachings of the apostle Paul and their relevance for contemporary Christian life and ministry.

Here are three questions related to Paul’s letters and their significance in Christian theology and practice:

  1. How do Paul’s epistles contribute to the foundation of Christian theology, and what key theological themes does he expound upon in his letters to the churches? Provide examples of these themes and their importance in shaping Christian doctrine.
  2. Describe the pastoral sensitivity and practical guidance evident in Paul’s letters to the churches. How does Paul address specific ethical, moral, and relational issues within these communities, and what principles does he offer for Christian living and unity?
  3. Reflecting on the enduring impact of Paul’s letters, how do his words continue to inspire and guide believers today? Discuss specific passages or teachings from Paul’s epistles that resonate with modern Christians and offer timeless truths for navigating contemporary challenges in faith and ministry.

These questions explore the breadth and depth of Paul’s epistles, highlighting their theological richness, pastoral relevance, and ongoing significance for believers in understanding and living out the Christian faith.

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Day 2: Paul’s Arrest in Jerusalem

Paul’s arrest in Jerusalem, as recorded in Acts 21:27-36 (ESV), marks a significant turning point in his ministry and serves as a demonstration of his unwavering commitment to the gospel message. While in Jerusalem, Paul’s presence in the temple stirs up a riot among the Jews who falsely accuse him of defiling the temple by bringing Gentiles into its sacred precincts. Despite his attempts to defend himself and clarify his actions, Paul is seized by the mob, who seek to kill him. However, Roman soldiers intervene and arrest Paul, rescuing him from the violent mob. This arrest sets in motion a series of events that will ultimately lead to Paul’s imprisonment in Rome and the opportunity for him to testify before rulers and authorities about the gospel of Jesus Christ. Through Paul’s arrest, we witness his willingness to endure suffering and persecution for the sake of the gospel, demonstrating his unwavering faithfulness to his calling as an apostle of Christ.

Scripture: Acts 21:17-36 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 21:17-36 (ESV) provides valuable insights into Paul’s arrest in Jerusalem. Henry emphasizes the tumultuous circumstances surrounding Paul’s visit to Jerusalem and his encounter with James and the elders of the church. He explores the complexities of Paul’s decision to participate in Jewish customs, such as purification rites, as a gesture of goodwill towards his Jewish brethren. Henry also delves into the hostility and opposition faced by Paul from some Jews who falsely accused him of defiling the temple. Despite Paul’s innocence and attempts to clarify the misunderstanding, the situation escalates into a violent riot, leading to Paul’s arrest by Roman authorities. Henry underscores the providential intervention of God in preserving Paul’s life amidst the chaos and the fulfillment of prophecy in Paul’s suffering for the sake of the gospel. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the complexities of Paul’s ministry and the sovereignty of God in orchestrating events for the advancement of His kingdom purposes.

Here are three questions related to Paul’s arrest in Jerusalem as recorded in Acts 21:27-36 (ESV):

  1. How does Paul’s arrest in Jerusalem demonstrate his commitment to the gospel despite facing opposition and persecution? Discuss the circumstances surrounding the riot in the temple and Paul’s response to false accusations from the Jews.
  2. What role did Roman soldiers play in rescuing Paul from the violent mob in Jerusalem? How did Paul’s arrest pave the way for his subsequent imprisonment in Rome and the opportunity to testify about the gospel before rulers and authorities?
  3. Reflecting on Paul’s unwavering faithfulness in the face of suffering and persecution, what lessons can believers today glean from his example? How does Paul’s response to adversity and his commitment to proclaiming the gospel inspire Christians to remain steadfast in their own faith and ministry?

These questions delve into the significance of Paul’s arrest in Jerusalem, highlighting his steadfastness in the face of opposition and the providential unfolding of events that furthered the spread of the gospel during his imprisonment and testimony before influential figures in the Roman Empire.

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Day 3: Paul’s Defense Before Felix

In Acts 24:1-27 (ESV), we witness Paul’s defense before Felix, the Roman governor of Judea, which showcases Paul’s unwavering commitment to proclaiming the gospel amidst adversity. Accused by the Jewish leaders of inciting riots and stirring up trouble among the Jews, Paul presents a bold and eloquent defense, emphasizing his adherence to the law of Moses and his commitment to maintaining a clear conscience before God and men. Despite the accusations leveled against him, Paul maintains his innocence and asserts that his teachings are based on the hope of the resurrection of the dead, a belief shared by the Pharisees. Throughout his defense, Paul demonstrates wisdom, integrity, and a deep understanding of the principles of justice, urging Felix to consider the righteousness of his cause. Despite Felix’s reluctance to render a verdict, Paul’s defense serves as a powerful testimony to his steadfast faith and unwavering commitment to proclaiming the gospel, even in the face of opposition and persecution.

Scripture: Acts 24:1-27 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 24:1-27 (ESV) offers profound insights into Paul’s defense before Felix, the Roman governor of Judea. Henry delves into the accusations brought against Paul by the Jewish leaders, highlighting the strategic approach of Paul in presenting his defense. He emphasizes Paul’s integrity and adherence to the principles of justice, noting his commitment to maintaining a clear conscience before God and men. Henry explores Paul’s eloquent defense, emphasizing his emphasis on the hope of the resurrection of the dead, a central tenet of the Christian faith. Despite Felix’s reluctance to render a verdict, Henry underscores the providential workings of God in using Paul’s defense to further the spread of the gospel and advance His kingdom purposes. Overall, Henry’s commentary provides readers with a deeper understanding of the complexities of Paul’s trial before Felix and the enduring relevance of Paul’s example for believers facing opposition and persecution.

Here are three questions related to Paul’s defense before Felix in Acts 24:1-27 (ESV):

  1. How does Paul’s defense before Felix highlight his commitment to proclaiming the gospel with integrity and wisdom? Discuss how Paul navigates the accusations against him and presents a bold defense rooted in his faith and understanding of the law.
  2. What key aspects of Paul’s testimony before Felix emphasize his unwavering commitment to the hope of the resurrection and his adherence to the teachings of the law? How does Paul’s defense reflect his dedication to maintaining a clear conscience before God and men?
  3. Reflecting on Paul’s example in Acts 24 (ESV), how can believers today emulate his steadfast faith and commitment to proclaiming the gospel amidst opposition? What lessons can be drawn from Paul’s defense before Felix about upholding Christian principles and speaking truthfully in challenging circumstances?

These questions delve into the themes of Paul’s defense before Felix, highlighting his steadfast commitment to proclaiming the gospel and maintaining integrity in the face of accusations and adversity. They invite reflection on how believers can emulate Paul’s example in their own faith journey and witness for Christ.

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Day 4: Paul’s Defense Before Festus and Agrippa

In Acts 25:1-27 (ESV) and Acts 26:1-32 (ESV), we witness Paul’s defense before Festus, the Roman governor, and Agrippa II, the Jewish king, which serves as a powerful testimony to his unwavering commitment to proclaiming the gospel. Accused by the Jewish leaders and facing pressure to stand trial in Jerusalem, Paul appeals to Caesar, invoking his right as a Roman citizen to be tried in Rome. As Festus convenes a hearing to present Paul’s case before Agrippa II, Paul seizes the opportunity to testify about his conversion to Christianity and his mission to preach the gospel to both Jews and Gentiles. In a compelling and eloquent defense, Paul recounts his encounter with the risen Christ on the road to Damascus and his subsequent commission to proclaim the message of salvation. Despite facing skepticism and ridicule from Festus and Agrippa, Paul boldly declares his unwavering faith in Christ and his commitment to obeying God’s calling on his life. Through his defense before Festus and Agrippa, Paul demonstrates his steadfast devotion to the gospel, even in the face of opposition and persecution, inspiring believers to stand firm in their faith and boldly proclaim the truth of Christ.

Scripture: Acts 25:1-27 (ESV); Acts 26:1-32 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 25:1-27 (ESV) and Acts 26:1-32 (ESV) provides profound insights into Paul’s defense before Festus and Agrippa, highlighting the strategic wisdom and unwavering commitment to the gospel displayed by the apostle. Henry delves into the intricacies of Paul’s legal proceedings, emphasizing his rights as a Roman citizen and his decision to appeal to Caesar to ensure a fair trial. He explores Paul’s eloquent defense before Festus and Agrippa, noting his recounting of his conversion experience and his passionate proclamation of the gospel message. Henry underscores Paul’s courage and boldness in facing opposition and persecution, as well as his unwavering commitment to obeying God’s calling on his life, regardless of the consequences. Through his commentary, Henry provides readers with a deeper understanding of the complexities of Paul’s trial and the enduring relevance of his example for believers facing adversity and persecution in their own lives.

Here are three questions related to Paul’s defense before Festus and Agrippa as recorded in Acts 25:1-27 (ESV) and Acts 26:1-32 (ESV):

  1. How does Paul’s defense before Festus and Agrippa exemplify his unwavering commitment to proclaiming the gospel despite facing skepticism and opposition? Discuss how Paul’s testimony about his conversion experience on the road to Damascus highlights his dedication to fulfilling God’s calling.
  2. In what ways does Paul’s appeal to Caesar as a Roman citizen reflect his strategic approach to ensure that the message of the gospel reaches beyond local disputes and becomes a testimony to rulers and authorities? How does this decision align with Paul’s overarching mission to spread the gospel to the ends of the earth?
  3. Reflecting on Paul’s defense before Festus and Agrippa, how does his bold testimony challenge believers today to stand firm in their faith and boldly proclaim the truth of Christ in the midst of adversity? What lessons can be drawn from Paul’s example about the importance of unwavering commitment to God’s calling despite the challenges faced?

These questions delve into Paul’s defense before Festus and Agrippa, highlighting his resolute commitment to the gospel and his strategic approach to ensure that his testimony reaches influential leaders. They invite reflection on how believers can emulate Paul’s unwavering faith and dedication to proclaiming Christ in challenging circumstances.

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Day 5: Paul’s Journey to Rome

Paul’s journey to Rome, as depicted in Acts 27:1-28 (ESV)and Acts 27:16 (ESV), is a dramatic narrative of faith, perseverance, and divine providence amidst perilous circumstances. Despite facing opposition and adversity, Paul remains resolute in his determination to fulfill God’s calling on his life, which includes testifying about Jesus Christ in the imperial capital. From his departure from Caesarea to his harrowing voyage at sea and eventual arrival in Rome, Paul’s journey is marked by both challenges and divine interventions. Despite enduring a shipwreck and being bitten by a venomous snake upon reaching Malta, Paul remains unshaken in his faith, ministering to those around him and continuing to proclaim the gospel. Upon arriving in Rome, Paul is granted the opportunity to share the message of salvation with Jewish leaders and prominent figures, fulfilling his mission to bear witness to Christ in the heart of the Roman Empire. Through Paul’s journey to Rome, we witness the sovereign hand of God orchestrating events for the advancement of His kingdom purposes, and we are reminded of the power of faith and obedience in the face of adversity.

Scripture: Acts 27:1-28 (ESV)and Acts 27:16 (ESV)

Matthew Henry’s commentary on Acts 27:1-28 (ESV)and Acts 27:16 (ESV) provides insightful analysis of Paul’s perilous journey to Rome and the divine interventions that accompany it. Henry delves into the narrative of the sea voyage, highlighting the challenges faced by Paul and his companions as they encounter storms, shipwreck, and other dangers. He emphasizes the providential care of God in preserving Paul’s life and fulfilling His purpose for him to testify about Jesus in Rome. Henry explores Paul’s role as a source of encouragement and leadership during the tumultuous journey, noting his unwavering faith and trust in God’s sovereignty. Additionally, Henry examines the reception of Paul and his companions in Malta and Rome, illustrating the impact of their testimony on those they encounter. Through his commentary, Henry provides readers with a deeper understanding of the themes of faith, perseverance, and divine providence found in this portion of Acts, inspiring believers to trust in God’s guidance and provision even in the midst of life’s storms.

Here are three questions related to Paul’s journey to Rome as depicted in Acts 27:1-28 (ESV)and Acts 27:16 (ESV):

  1. How does Paul’s journey to Rome, characterized by perilous events such as a shipwreck and a venomous snakebite, exemplify his unwavering faith and determination to fulfill God’s calling despite adversity? Discuss how these trials served to strengthen Paul’s witness and ministry even amidst challenging circumstances.
  2. Reflecting on Paul’s experiences during the voyage to Rome, what lessons can be drawn about the sovereignty and providence of God in orchestrating events for the advancement of His kingdom purposes? How does Paul’s journey underscore the theme of divine protection and guidance in the face of danger and uncertainty?
  3. Upon arriving in Rome, how does Paul’s ministry to Jewish leaders and prominent figures fulfill his mission to bear witness to Christ in the heart of the Roman Empire? Discuss the significance of Paul’s opportunity to share the message of salvation with influential individuals despite his circumstances as a prisoner.

These questions invite reflection on Paul’s remarkable journey to Rome, highlighting themes of faith, perseverance, divine providence, and the power of testimony. They prompt consideration of how believers can emulate Paul’s steadfast faith and trust in God’s sovereignty during challenging times, and how God works through adverse situations to accomplish His purposes.

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Conclusion

Paul’s conversion and subsequent ministry represent a remarkable transformation that reverberated throughout the early Christian world. Originally known as Saul of Tarsus, he was a zealous persecutor of Christians until he encountered the risen Jesus on the road to Damascus. This encounter was not just a turning point in his life but also a pivotal moment in Christian history. Paul’s conversion was profound, marked by a radical shift from persecutor to proclaimer of the gospel.

His ministry was characterized by unwavering commitment and missionary zeal. Paul’s deep theological insights, coupled with his passion for spreading the message of Christ, laid a foundation for the expansion of Christianity beyond Jewish communities into the Gentile world. His letters to various churches addressed critical theological and ethical issues, shaping Christian doctrine and practice for centuries to come.

Paul’s enduring legacy lies in his steadfast faith in Christ, his courage in the face of persecution, and his dedication to fulfilling his divine calling. His life serves as a testament to the transformative power of encountering Jesus Christ and the extraordinary impact one person can have on the course of history through faith and obedience.

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If you have any questions about this study you can email me at [email protected]

Copyright Notice © 2024 Rev. Cecil Thorn Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this work authored by Rev. Cecil Thorn, to distribute, display, and reproduce the work, in its entirety, including verbatim copies, provided that no fee is charged for the copies or distribution. This permission is granted for non-commercial distribution only.

How did the Apostle Paul directs us during times of trauma, trials, tribulation.

Rev. Cecil Thorn

The Apostle Paul, as described in the New Testament, did indeed face many trials and hardships in his life. While the term “trauma” may not be used in the biblical text, the challenges he encountered were substantial. Here are some of the difficulties that Paul faced and references to relevant passages:

Persecution: Before his conversion, Paul (formerly known as Saul) persecuted Christians. He later faced persecution himself as a Christian.

Overcoming: Paul’s conversion on the road to Damascus (Acts 9:1-19 (NIV)) transformed his life and mission.

Imprisonment: Paul was imprisoned multiple times throughout his ministry, including in Rome.

Overcoming: He continued to spread the message of Christianity while in prison, writing letters (epistles) to various churches, which are now part of the New Testament.

Shipwrecks: Paul endured several shipwrecks during his missionary journeys.

Overcoming: He survived these trials, often attributing his safety to God’s protection (e.g., Acts 27:22-25 (NIV)).

Beatings and Stoning: Paul experienced physical violence and was stoned and left for dead at Lystra.

Overcoming: Paul’s resilience and faith allowed him to continue his mission despite these hardships (2 Corinthians 11:23-28 (NIV)).

“Thorn in the Flesh”: Paul wrote about a “thorn in the flesh,” which was a source of suffering for him.

Overcoming: Although the nature of this “thorn” is not specified, Paul wrote that he learned to rely on God’s grace and strength to persevere (2 Corinthians 12:7-10 (NIV)).

Opposition and Rejection: Paul faced opposition and rejection from various groups and individuals, including Jewish leaders and fellow Christians.

Overcoming: He continued to preach and teach, emphasizing the importance of love and unity within the Christian community (1 Corinthians 13 (NIV)).

Loneliness and Separation: At times, Paul experienced loneliness and separation from his fellow believers.

Overcoming: He found comfort in his relationship with God and the knowledge that he was following God’s calling (2 Timothy 4:16-18 (NIV)).

Paul’s ability to overcome these challenges was rooted in his unwavering faith in Christ, his reliance on God’s strength, and his commitment to spreading the Christian message despite adversity. His letters and teachings in the New Testament continue to inspire and encourage Christians facing their own trials and tribulations.

Apostle Paul’s letters and teachings in the New Testament continue to inspire and encourage Christians facing their own trials and tribulations.

Certainly, here are some scripture references from the letters of the Apostle Paul in the New Testament that continue to inspire and encourage Christians facing trials and tribulations:

  1. Romans 8:28 (NIV): “And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose.”
  2. Philippians 4:13 (NIV): “I can do all this through him who gives me strength.”
  3. 2 Corinthians 1:3-4 (NIV): “Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of compassion and the God of all comfort, who comforts us in all our troubles, so that we can comfort those in any trouble with the comfort we ourselves receive from God.”
  4. 2 Corinthians 4:16-18 (NIV): “Therefore we do not lose heart. Though outwardly we are wasting away, yet inwardly we are being renewed day by day. For our light and momentary troubles are achieving for us an eternal glory that far outweighs them all.”
  5. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18 (NIV): “Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances; for this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus.”
  6. Ephesians 6:10 (NIV): “Finally, be strong in the Lord and in his mighty power.”
  7. Colossians 3:2 (NIV): “Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things.”
  8. 2 Timothy 1:7 (NIV): “For the Spirit God gave us does not make us timid, but gives us power, love, and self-discipline.”
  9. 1 Corinthians 10:13 (NIV): “No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to mankind. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it.”
  10. 2 Timothy 4:7 (NIV): “I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith.”

These verses reflect Paul’s teachings on faith, strength, endurance, and the comforting presence of God during times of difficulty and suffering. They continue to provide inspiration and encouragement for Christians facing their own trials and tribulations.

Why did Apostle Paul write letters to the churches when it came to trials and tribulations?

Apostle Paul wrote letters to the churches, often referred to as epistles, for several reasons when it came to trials and tribulations:

  1. Spiritual Guidance: Paul wrote to offer spiritual guidance and instruction to the early Christian communities. In times of trials and tribulations, these communities needed direction on how to live out their faith, endure difficulties, and maintain their hope in Christ.
  2. Encouragement: His letters served as a source of encouragement and comfort. Paul would remind the Christians of the promises of God, the hope of salvation, and the presence of the Holy Spirit to strengthen them during challenging times.
  3. Correction and Rebuke: In some cases, Paul wrote to address issues within the churches, including disputes, false teachings, and moral concerns. By addressing these issues, he sought to help the communities navigate and overcome internal challenges.
  4. Unity: Paul emphasized the importance of unity and love within the Christian community. He encouraged believers to support one another, forgive, and maintain a spirit of unity, especially when faced with adversity.
  5. Theological Explanations: Paul’s letters often contained theological explanations and doctrines that could help believers better understand their faith and the reasons behind their trials. This deeper understanding could provide a sense of purpose and perspective.
  6. Practical Advice: Paul offered practical advice on how to live as Christians in a challenging world. He discussed topics such as marriage, ethics, and dealing with authorities, which were relevant to the daily lives of the early Christians.

Paul encouraged the churches in various ways:

  1. Prayer: He urged believers to pray without ceasing and to bring their concerns and requests to God (1 Thessalonians 5:17 (NIV); Philippians 4:6-7 (NIV)).
  2. Faith: Paul stressed the importance of faith and trust in God, even in the face of trials (e.g., Romans 5:1-5 (NIV)).
  3. Hope: He reminded Christians of the hope they had in Christ, which transcended their current challenges (Romans 8:18-25 (NIV); 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18 (NIV)).
  4. Love: Love for one another was a central theme in Paul’s letters. He encouraged believers to love and support each other during difficult times (e.g., 1 Corinthians 13 (NIV)).
  5. God’s Strength: Paul emphasized that God’s strength was made perfect in weakness, and that believers could find strength in God during their trials (2 Corinthians 12:9-10 (NIV)).
  6. Perseverance: He encouraged endurance and perseverance, reminding believers that their trials were temporary and that they would ultimately reap a reward (Galatians 6:9 (NIV)).

In essence, Paul’s letters provided a combination of theological teaching, practical advice, and spiritual encouragement to help the early Christian communities navigate trials and tribulations while remaining faithful to their Christian beliefs and values. These letters continue to be a source of guidance and inspiration for Christians facing challenges today.

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To the church in Galatia

Rev. Cecil Thorn

Galatians 1:1-5 (KJV)

PAUL, an apostle, (not of men, neither by man, but by Jesus Christ, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead;) 2 And all the brethren which are with me, unto the churches of Galatia: 3 Grace be to you and peace from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus Christ, 4 Who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us from this present evil world, according to the will of God and our Father: 5 To whom be glory forever and ever. Amen.

The year was about AD 49 Paul and Barnabas completed their first missionary journey. By their standards, must have been a whirlwind of a journey.

Acts 13:2–14 (KJV)
2 As they ministered to the Lord, and fasted, the Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them. 3 And when they had fasted and prayed and laid their hands on them, they sent them away. 4 So they, being sent forth by the Holy Ghost, departed unto Seleucia; and from thence they sailed to Cyprus. 5 And when they were at Salamis, they preached the word of God in the synagogues of the Jews: and they had also John to their minister. 6 And when they had gone through the isle unto Paphos, they found a certain sorcerer, a false prophet, a Jew, whose name was Bar-Jesus: 7 Which was with the deputy of the country, Sergius Paulus, a prudent man; who called for Barnabas and Saul, and desired to hear the word of God. 8 But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn away the deputy from the faith. 9 Then Saul, (who also is called Paul,) filled with the Holy Ghost, set his eyes on him, 10 And said, O full of all subtilty and all mischief, thou child of the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord? 11 And now, behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. And immediately there fell on him a mist and a darkness; and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand. 12 Then the deputy, when he saw what was done, believed, being astonished at the doctrine of the Lord.
13 Now when Paul and his company loosed from Paphos, they came to Perga in Pamphylia: and John departing from them returned to Jerusalem. 14 But when they departed from Perga, they came to Antioch in Pisidia, and went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and sat down.

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